Dra. Carolina Frederico (HG) https://fredetips.com MD, ESAIC. Directora de Jornada Iberoamericana de TIVA y Neurociencias Sun, 18 May 2025 09:57:39 +0000 es hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.8.1 https://fredetips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Logo-cerebro-solo-107x150.png Dra. Carolina Frederico (HG) https://fredetips.com 32 32 204239005 Can We Really Associate Alpha Power with Mortality? https://fredetips.com/2025/03/04/can-we-really-associate-alpha-power-with-mortality/ https://fredetips.com/2025/03/04/can-we-really-associate-alpha-power-with-mortality/?noamp=mobile#respond Tue, 04 Mar 2025 16:20:42 +0000 https://fredetips.com?p=3434 Recently, I read an interesting article:

Mather et al. «Intraoperative Frontal Electroencephalogram Alpha Power Is Associated with Postoperative Mortality and Other Adverse Outcomes.» Anesthesiology 2025; 142:500–10.

The study suggests that lower intraoperative alpha power in the EEG is independently associated with increased postoperative mortality. While this is an intriguing hypothesis, I believe we must be cautious with these conclusions.


Critical Points to Consider

1. Lack of Information on Consciousness State Titration

The study reports anaesthetic doses, including

  • Propofol median total dose: 200 mg (IQR 150-260 mg)
  • Sevoflurane mean end-tidal concentration: 1.00% (IQR 0.00-1.39%)
  • Nitrous oxide use: 60.3% of patients (a lot)
  • Propofol mean total dose: 200 mg (IQR 150-260 mg)
  • Sevoflurane mean end-tidal concentration: 1.00% (IQR 0.00-1.39%)
  • Use of nitrous oxide: 60.3% of patients.

    However, it is not specified how the anaesthesia was titrated for each patient.
  • No mention of burst suppression, a key indicator of excessive anaesthetic titration.
  • No BIS, Entropy, Narcotrend, Conox monitoring, making it impossible to compare alpha power with other validated EEG monitoring data.
  • No analysis of mean arterial pressure (MAP), so we cannot rule out cerebral hypoperfusion as a cause of reduced alpha power.

Without data on titration strategies, we cannot determine whether lower alpha power reflects patient frailty or simply excessive anesthesia administration.


2. Retrospective Study Design and Selection Bias

  • This was a retrospective observational study, meaning it cannot establish causality, only statistical associations.
  • Only patients with artifact-free EEG recordings were included, introducing selection bias.
  • Other critical confounders (e.g., opioid use, neuromuscular blockade, ventilatory parameters) were not considered.

A prospective study is needed to validate these findings before drawing clinical conclusions.


3. Failure to Differentiate Between Patient Frailty and Over-Titration of Anesthesia

Low intraoperative alpha power could result from:
1. Pre-existing neurological frailty ? reduced cortical connectivity and baseline EEG activity.
2. Inadequate titration of consciousness state ? deeper hypnotic states leading to EEG suppression.
3. Cerebral hypoperfusion ? low MAP causing decreased cortical activity.

The study does not provide enough data to distinguish between these scenarios.


4 Unusual Anesthetic Practice: Predominance of Volatile Agents & Nitrous Oxide

One striking aspect of this study is the low use of total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) and the high prevalence of volatile agents and nitrous oxide:

  • 98.9% of patients received propofol, but only as an induction agent.
  • 72.1% received sevoflurane as the primary anesthetic.
  • 60.3% received nitrous oxide, a practice that has largely declined in LATAM and Europe due to concerns about environmental impact and neurotoxicity.

The study did not investigate whether the choice of anaesthesia influenced the EEG findings, and it could be questioned whether the findings would be the same in a cohort with predominantly intravenous anaesthesia.


5 No Comparison with Established Risk Prediction Models

  • Several validated models predict postoperative mortality (ASA, POSSUM, ACS-NSQIP).
  • This study does not compare alpha power with these models, making it unclear whether it adds predictive value.


Final Thoughts

At this stage, it is premature to consider intraoperative alpha power as an independent biomarker for mortality.
More rigorous, prospective studies are needed, incorporating Raw EEG/DSA, MAP, burst suppression analysis, and direct comparisons with existing risk models.

Additionally, the high use of volatile agents and nitrous oxide raises the question of whether these findings would hold true in a TIVA-based anesthesia protocol.

What are your thoughts on this? Have you encountered similar discussions in your practice?

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? EEG Interpretation in Anesthesia: A Key to Personalized Anesthesia https://fredetips.com/2025/03/04/%f0%9f%a7%a0-eeg-interpretation-in-anesthesia-a-key-to-personalized-anesthesia/ https://fredetips.com/2025/03/04/%f0%9f%a7%a0-eeg-interpretation-in-anesthesia-a-key-to-personalized-anesthesia/?noamp=mobile#respond Tue, 04 Mar 2025 15:09:28 +0000 https://fredetips.com?p=3428 In modern anesthesia practice, electroencephalogram (EEG) interpretation has become an essential tool for achieving personalized anesthesia and improving patient safety. While automated indices derived from EEG provide a simplified measure of anesthetic depth, understanding raw EEG signals and spectral density allows for a more precise and individualized approach.

Why Is Learning EEG Interpretation Essential for Personalized Anesthesia?

1?? Optimized Drug Dosing for Each Patient

  • EEG interpretation helps to adjust the anaesthetic to each patient’s needs, reducing the risk of under-dosing, which can lead to patient movement or inadequate anaesthesia, and over-sedation, which can delay recovery and increase complications.

2?? Preventing Postoperative Delirium and Cognitive Dysfunction

  • Over-sedation, particularly in older adults, is strongly associated with postoperative delirium and long-term cognitive impairment.
  • EEG-guided anaesthetic titration helps prevent brain suppression (e.g. burst suppression patterns), reducing the risk of delirium and prolonging neurocognitive recovery..

3?? Understanding the Effect of GABAergic Drugs on Thalamocortical Circuits

  • Most general anaesthetics enhance GABAergic inhibition, which suppresses thalamocortical circuits and produces characteristic EEG changes.
  • Moderate doses of anaesthetic often induce frontal alpha oscillations (8-12 Hz) reflecting synchronised inhibition of corticothalamic loops. This pattern is associated with stable unconsciousness.
  • Deeper anaesthesia, particularly with excessive GABAergic activity, leads to high amplitude slow delta waves (0.5-4 Hz) and burst suppression, indicating profound cortical suppression and a greater risk of neurotoxicity and postoperative delirium.
  • Understanding these variations in thalamocortical dynamics allows anaesthetists to assess whether a patient is adequately anaesthetised or receiving excessive suppression, which could affect postoperative recovery.

 4?? Beyond Numerical Indices: A Deeper Understanding of EEG Data

  • EEG-derived indices provide a numerical estimation of anesthetic depth, but their reliability varies based on factors such as age, medication type, and patient physiology.
  • Complementing these indices with direct EEG interpretation enhances clinical decision-making, particularly in complex cases.
  • Additional parameters, such as the Burst Suppression Index (BSI) and Alpha/Delta Ratio, can offer deeper insights into brain activity and help refine anesthetic management.

5?? Personalized Anesthesia Through Neurophysiological Monitoring

  • Each patient’s brain reacts uniquely to anesthesia. Real-time EEG monitoring allows for dynamic adjustments, reducing risks such as neurotoxicity in elderly patientspostoperative delirium, or insufficient sedation in younger populations.

The Future of EEG-Guided Personalized Anesthesia

Advancements in neuroscience and EEG technology are transforming anesthesia into a more precise and individualized practiceLearning to interpret EEG signals in real-time empowers anesthesiologists to fine-tune drug administration, optimize patient outcomes, and enhance overall surgical safety.

Are you integrating EEG interpretation into your anesthesia practice? Let’s discuss how real-time brain monitoring is shaping the future of personalized anesthesia.

Would you like to learn more about EEG in anesthesia? Share your thoughts and experiences in the comments! Let’s keep learning together.

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TIVA en el Paciente Obeso: Desafíos y Estrategias Anestésicas https://fredetips.com/2025/02/16/tiva-en-el-paciente-obeso-desafios-y-estrategias-anestesicas/ https://fredetips.com/2025/02/16/tiva-en-el-paciente-obeso-desafios-y-estrategias-anestesicas/?noamp=mobile#comments Sun, 16 Feb 2025 16:21:08 +0000 https://fredetips.com?p=3409 Introducción

La obesidad representa un desafío significativo en la práctica anestésica debido a las alteraciones en la fisiología del paciente con obesidad, especialmente a nivel respiratorio, cardiovascular y metabólica. En este contexto, la Anestesia Total Intravenosa (TIVA) se presenta como una alternativa atractiva a la anestesia inhalatoria, ofreciendo ventajas como una recuperación más predecible, menor contaminación ambiental y una reducción en la incidencia de náuseas y vómitos postoperatorios (PONV). Sin embargo, su uso en este tipo de pacientes requiere un entendimiento profundo de la farmacocinética y farmacodinámica de los fármacos utilizados.

1. Principales desafíos anestésicos en el paciente obeso

Los anestesiólogos enfrentan múltiples preocupaciones al manejar un paciente con obesidad, entre ellas:

  • Vía aérea difícil: La obesidad se asocia con mayor incidencia de ventilación difícil con mascarilla, intubación complicada y riesgo de desaturación rápida debido a la disminución de la capacidad residual funcional (CRF).
  • Distribución y metabolismo de los anestésicos: La dosificación/titulación de fármacos es compleja debido a la alteración en el volumen de distribución y el metabolismo hepático. La elección del peso corporal ideal (IBW), peso magro (LBW) o peso ajustado (ABW) en lugar del peso total (TBW) puede optimizar la administración de fármacos como el propofol y los opioides.
  • Ventilación intraoperatoria: El aumento en la resistencia de la pared torácica y el abdomen puede llevar a hipoventilación, atelectasias e hipoxemia. Se recomienda el uso de PEEP y maniobras de reclutamiento alveolar para mejorar la oxigenación.
  • Recuperación postoperatoria: Mayor riesgo de apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS), hipercapnia postoperatoria, retención de anestésicos y complicaciones tromboembólicas.

2. ¿Por qué TIVA en el paciente obeso?

El uso de la técnica TIVA con un abordaje multimodal, ofrece varias ventajas sobre la anestesia inhalatoria:

  • Rápida Recuperación
  • Menor riesgo de PONV, lo que favorece una recuperación más rápida.
  • Evita el uso de agentes volátiles y gases halogenados, reduciendo contaminación ambiental.
  • Menor alteración en la mecánica respiratoria, ya que los anestésicos inhalatorios pueden potenciar la depresión respiratoria.
  • Menor riesgo de hipertermia maligna, condición más difícil de manejar en obesos.

Sin embargo, para obtener estos beneficios, es fundamental ajustar correctamente las dosis y elegir el modelo de administración adecuado.

3. ¿Cómo dosificar propofol en obesos?

El propofol es altamente lipofílico y su volumen de distribución aumenta en pacientes obesos. Para evitar sobredosis o recuperación prolongada, se recomienda calcular la dosis según:

  • Inducción: Peso ajustado (ABW), corporal magro (LBW) en lugar de peso total (TBW).
  • Mantenimiento: Uso de modelos alométricos de TCI (Target-Controlled Infusion) como como Eleveld, Cortínez o se puede usar Schnider o Marsh con Peso Ajustado y guiado por monitores de EEG no procesado (BIS, SEDLine, NINDEX, Narcotrend, Entropía, Conox).
  • También es válido hacer TIVA Manual usando Peso ajustado y guiado por EEG

4. Estrategia de administración: ¿Manual o TCI?

TIVA Manual (Bolo + infusión ajustada clínicamente)

  • Fácil de implementar sin necesidad de bombas con software TCI.
  • Mayor riesgo de infra o sobredosificación.

TIVA con TCI (Infusión Controlada por Objetivo)

  • Permite administración precisa y mantiene niveles estables de propofol.
  • Reduce la variabilidad interindividual en obesos.
  • Evita acumulación innecesaria del fármaco.

5. ¿Libre de opioides en obesos? (OFA, Opioid-Free Anesthesia)

El uso de TIVA libre de opioides (OFA) en obesos es un tema en evolución. Algunas ventajas de evitar opioides incluyen:

  • Menor riesgo de depresión respiratoria postoperatoria.
  • Disminución del impacto en la función gastrointestinal.
  • Reducción en la hiperactividad simpática.

Sin embargo, la analgesia multimodal debe ser optimizada con dexmedetomidina, lidocaína, ketamina, AINEs y bloqueos nerviosos para evitar déficit analgésico.

Conclusión

El manejo de TIVA en pacientes con obesidad requiere un enfoque basado en la farmacocinética y farmacodinámica de los agentes anestésicos.

  • Ajustar las dosis en base al descriptor de peso adecuado.
  • Utilizar TCI para evitar infra o sobredosificación.
  • Evaluar la viabilidad de una estrategia libre de opioides (OFA) según el tipo de cirugía y comorbilidades.

¡Queremos conocer tu experiencia! Responde este breve cuestionario sobre cómo manejas la TIVA en obesos

? https://forms.gle/kHjTd8AECW5g4zH39

Recuerda que estaremos abordandomelas este el tema de la Obesidad en distintos escenarios clínicos en la 3ra Jornada Iberoamericana de TIVA y Neurociencias, el 30 y 31 de mayo en Barcelona.

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Programa Cientifico 3ra Jornada de TIVA y Neurociencias, Barcelona 2025 https://fredetips.com/2025/02/10/programa-cientifico-3ra-jornada-de-tiva-y-neurociencias-barcelona-2025/ https://fredetips.com/2025/02/10/programa-cientifico-3ra-jornada-de-tiva-y-neurociencias-barcelona-2025/?noamp=mobile#respond Mon, 10 Feb 2025 09:08:41 +0000 https://fredetips.com?p=3354 Programa 07022025Descarga ]]> https://fredetips.com/2025/02/10/programa-cientifico-3ra-jornada-de-tiva-y-neurociencias-barcelona-2025/feed/ 0 3354 TIVA y Neurociencias 2025 https://fredetips.com/2024/11/28/tiva-y-neurociencias-2025/ https://fredetips.com/2024/11/28/tiva-y-neurociencias-2025/?noamp=mobile#respond Thu, 28 Nov 2024 16:53:39 +0000 https://fredetips.com?p=3185 Black Friday

Oferta exclusiva por tiempo limitado, No te lo pierdas.
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3ra Jornada de TIVA y Neurociencias https://fredetips.com/2024/11/12/3ra-jornada-de-tiva-y-neurociencias/ https://fredetips.com/2024/11/12/3ra-jornada-de-tiva-y-neurociencias/?noamp=mobile#respond Tue, 12 Nov 2024 17:25:18 +0000 https://fredetips.com?p=3136 ¿Que novedades tendrá nuestra asistente Keyla?
Te invitamos a escucharla…

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3ra Edición de las Jornadas de TIVA y Neurociencias https://fredetips.com/2024/11/11/3ra-edicion-de-las-jornadas-de-tiva-y-neurociencias/ https://fredetips.com/2024/11/11/3ra-edicion-de-las-jornadas-de-tiva-y-neurociencias/?noamp=mobile#respond Mon, 11 Nov 2024 19:18:19 +0000 https://fredetips.com2024/11/11/3ra-edicion-de-las-jornadas-de-tiva-y-neurociencias/ Registration is open

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Density spectral array… a big challenge! https://fredetips.com/2024/06/18/density-spectral-array-a-big-chalenge/ https://fredetips.com/2024/06/18/density-spectral-array-a-big-chalenge/?noamp=mobile#respond Tue, 18 Jun 2024 07:50:02 +0000 https://fredetips.com?p=2672

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Electroencephalogram Biomarkers from Anesthesia Inductionto Identify Vulnerable Patients at Risk for Postoperative Delirium https://fredetips.com/2024/04/17/electroencephalogrambiomarkers-fromanesthesia-inductionto-identify-vulnerablepatients-at-risk-forpostoperative-delirium/ https://fredetips.com/2024/04/17/electroencephalogrambiomarkers-fromanesthesia-inductionto-identify-vulnerablepatients-at-risk-forpostoperative-delirium/?noamp=mobile#respond Wed, 17 Apr 2024 16:18:19 +0000 https://fredetips.com2024/04/17/electroencephalogrambiomarkers-fromanesthesia-inductionto-identify-vulnerablepatients-at-risk-forpostoperative-delirium/ 20240500.0-00022.pdfDescargar

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